Custom Gates

Definition ∞ Custom gates refer to specialized logical operations or functions defined within the algebraic circuits used for zero-knowledge proofs. These gates are tailored to represent specific computational steps more efficiently than standard, generic gates. They allow for optimized circuit design and improved performance in proof generation.
Context ∞ The development and deployment of custom gates are critical for enhancing the efficiency of zero-knowledge proof systems, which are vital for privacy and scalability in blockchain applications. Researchers consistently seek to define new custom gates that can represent common cryptographic operations, such as hash functions or elliptic curve arithmetic, more compactly within circuits. This reduces proof size and computation time, improving system utility.

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→Additively Homomorphic PCS

→Cryptographic Primitives

→No Trusted Setup

Distributed PIOP Achieves Linear Prover Time and Logarithmic Communication

HyperPianist introduces a distributed ZKP architecture that cuts prover time to linear and communication to logarithmic, enabling practical, massive-scale verifiable computation.

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→Zero-Knowledge Proofs

→Succinct Non-Interactive Argument

→Verifiable State

Equifficient Polynomial Commitments Achieve Smallest SNARK Proof Size

Introducing Equifficient Polynomial Commitments, this work minimizes proof size to 160 bytes and enables free linear gates, dramatically lowering on-chain costs.

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→Verifiable Computation

→Algebraic Structure

→Polynomial Commitment Schemes

Equifficient Polynomial Commitments Enable Smaller Faster SNARKs

Equifficient polynomial commitments enforce consistent basis representation, enabling PARI to achieve the smallest 160-byte proof size and GARUDA to accelerate prover time with custom gates.

A detailed view of a sophisticated hardware component, featuring a translucent blue casing revealing intricate internal mechanisms. Metallic and dark blue elements suggest a high-performance validator node or blockchain architecture module. A prominent cylindrical unit with a glowing light blue indicator implies active cryptographic primitive processing or data integrity monitoring. This advanced Web3 infrastructure component likely facilitates smart contract execution, ensures digital asset security, and contributes to decentralized ledger operations. Its robust design supports consensus algorithm integrity and transaction finality within a distributed network, embodying core tokenomics engine principles.

→Circuit Arithmetization

→SNARK Construction

→Equifficient Commitment

Equifficient Polynomial Commitments Enable Fastest, Smallest Zero-Knowledge SNARKs

New Equifficient Polynomial Commitments (EPCs) enforce polynomial basis consistency, yielding SNARKs with record-smallest proof size and fastest prover time.

A dynamic abstract composition features a sleek, angular metallic structure, symbolizing robust blockchain architecture and decentralized ledger technology. Vibrant blue volumetric smoke, representing active network activity and data flow, emanates around the structure. A textured white sphere, a digital asset or cryptographic hash block, is centrally positioned. Above, a smaller, faceted blue sphere signifies a utility token or governance token, highlighting tokenomics within a Web3 infrastructure ecosystem, emphasizing transaction validation and scalability solutions.

→Prover Efficiency

→Proof Size

→Trusted Setup

Equifficient Polynomial Commitments Enable Faster, Smaller zk-SNARKs

Research introduces Equifficient Polynomial Commitments, a new primitive that yields Pari, the smallest SNARK at 160 bytes, and Garuda, a prover three times faster than Groth16.