What is the Context of Directed Acyclic Graph?

DAGs are frequently discussed in crypto news as a potential solution for the scalability and transaction fee challenges faced by many established blockchains. Projects utilizing DAG structures often claim superior transaction speeds and lower costs, appealing to applications requiring microtransactions. However, questions regarding their security guarantees and decentralization levels, compared to robust blockchain models, remain a subject of ongoing technical analysis. Their practical deployment and adoption are closely monitored within the digital asset sector.

Directed Acyclic Graph

Definition

A Directed Acyclic Graph is a data structure where nodes represent transactions and edges show the order of operations, without any cycles. In blockchain technology, DAGs serve as an alternative to linear blockchains for recording transactions, allowing for parallel processing and potentially higher throughput. Each new transaction typically references and validates previous transactions, forming a graph where data flows in one direction. This architecture aims to resolve scalability issues present in traditional sequential block structures by removing the need for global ordering.

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∞State-of-the-Art

∞Optimal Latency

∞Network Latency

Uncertified DAG Consensus Protocol Achieves Theoretical Minimum Latency

Introducing Mysticeti-C, a BFT protocol using uncertified DAGs and a novel commit rule to achieve the theoretical 3-round message latency limit, enabling sub-second finality.

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∞Strongly BPIC Property

∞Leaderless Consensus Protocol

∞Economic Primitives

Strongly BPIC Mechanism Secures Leaderless DAG Consensus Fee Allocation

A new game-theoretic model and First-Price Auction with Equal Sharing (FPA-EQ) mechanism solves transaction fee alignment in leaderless DAG protocols.

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∞Hybrid Protocol

∞Transaction Finality

∞Low Latency

Angelfish Consensus Unifies Leader-DAG BFT for Optimal Throughput and Latency

The Angelfish hybrid consensus protocol dynamically integrates leader-based and DAG architectures, resolving the core BFT throughput-latency trade-off.

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∞Distributed Systems Theory

∞Asymmetric Quorum Systems

∞Locally Defined Trust

Asymmetric DAG Consensus Unlocks Constant Finality with Local Trust Assumptions

By extending DAG-Rider to use asymmetric quorums, this work achieves constant-time BFT finality under realistic, locally defined trust models.

∞Leaderless BFT

∞Deterministic Ordering

∞Finality Gadget

Concurrent DAG Block Production Enables Frontrunning via Finalization Ordering Manipulation

Research exposes how leaderless DAG consensus protocols, designed for throughput, introduce a new, exploitable frontrunning vector during transaction finalization.

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∞Quorum Intersection

∞Directed Acyclic Graph

∞Common Core Primitive

Asymmetric Trust DAG Consensus Achieves Constant-Time Finality

The new common core primitive enables asynchronous DAG consensus to achieve constant-time finality under heterogeneous, asymmetric trust assumptions.

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∞Resource Efficiency

∞Consensus Performance

∞High Throughput Protocol

Mysticeti Achieves Optimal Byzantine Consensus Latency by Uncertified DAGs

This new DAG-based Byzantine consensus protocol reaches the theoretical 3-round latency limit by eliminating explicit block certification, drastically accelerating finality for high-throughput chains.

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∞Multi-Block Commit

∞Wide Area Network

∞Asynchronous BFT

Uncertified DAG Consensus Achieves Sub-Second Latency in Asynchronous Networks

A novel aBFT protocol bypasses costly explicit certification using an uncertified DAG, delivering sub-second finality essential for global-scale decentralized systems.

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∞DeFi Security

∞Cryptographic Primitives

∞Transaction Ordering

Fino Protocol Achieves MEV Protection on High-Throughput DAG Consensus

Fino embeds blind order-fairness into DAG-BFT with zero message overhead, securing high-throughput systems against transaction reordering attacks.

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∞Front-Running Prevention

∞Transaction Manipulation

∞Protocol Performance

DAG Architecture Enables Provably Fair, High-Throughput Decentralized Transaction Ordering

FairDAG integrates fairness protocols into multi-proposer DAG consensus, eliminating leader-based MEV while achieving superior throughput.

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∞DAG Consensus

∞BFT SMR

∞Frontrunning Attacks

DAG Consensus Introduces Novel Frontrunning Attacks Requiring Architecture-Specific Mitigation

The analysis of DAG-based systems reveals three new frontrunning attack vectors, proving high-throughput architectures introduce complex, unmitigated MEV risk.

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∞System Architecture

∞Blockchain Scalability

∞Transaction Throughput

Bullshark on Narwhal Achieves High-Performance Byzantine Fault-Tolerant DAG Consensus

This work meticulously analyzes Bullshark on Narwhal, revealing how round-based DAGs deliver optimal Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus for scalable decentralized systems.

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∞IoT Applications

∞Public Key Cryptography

∞Node Ranking

ADR Protocol Scales Blockchain with DAG-based Ranked Consensus

The Advanced DAG-based Ranking (ADR) protocol fundamentally redefines blockchain scalability by integrating node performance into a DAG consensus, enabling high-throughput decentralized systems.

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∞Permissionless Ledger

∞Decentralized Scalability