Definition ∞ Ethereum Layer-1 refers to the foundational blockchain network of Ethereum itself, serving as the primary settlement layer for transactions and smart contracts. This base layer is responsible for processing and validating all on-chain activity. It establishes the core security and decentralization properties of the Ethereum ecosystem. All other layers build upon its underlying structure.
Context ∞ News regarding Ethereum Layer-1 frequently discusses upgrades like “The Merge” or “Sharding,” aimed at improving scalability, efficiency, and sustainability. These developments directly impact transaction speeds, fees, and the overall capacity of the network. Understanding Layer-1 is crucial for comprehending the technical advancements and challenges facing the broader Ethereum network and its dependent applications.