Hard Fork Risk

Definition ∞ Hard fork risk refers to the potential for a significant, backward-incompatible upgrade to a blockchain protocol to result in a permanent split of the network into two distinct chains. This occurs when a new set of rules is introduced that older versions of the software cannot validate, requiring all participants to upgrade. If a substantial portion of the network does not adopt the new rules, two separate, incompatible blockchains may continue to operate. This division can lead to economic instability and network fragmentation.
Context ∞ Hard fork risk is a critical consideration during major protocol upgrades, particularly for established blockchains. News reports frequently cover community debates and technical preparations leading up to potential hard forks, as successful execution requires broad consensus among network participants. The risk includes market volatility for the affected assets and potential security vulnerabilities if hash rate or staking power is split unevenly. Managing this risk involves extensive testing and community coordination to ensure a smooth transition.