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Layer 1 Protocols

Definition

Layer 1 protocols are the foundational blockchain networks that process and finalize transactions on their own distributed ledgers. These are the base-layer blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, responsible for core functionalities like consensus mechanisms, native token issuance, and fundamental security. All transactions and smart contract executions occur directly on these primary chains. Their design choices significantly influence the network’s decentralization, security, and scalability characteristics, serving as the bedrock for the entire digital asset ecosystem.