Layer 1 Protocols

Definition ∞ Layer 1 protocols are the foundational blockchain networks that process and finalize transactions on their own distributed ledgers. These are the base-layer blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, responsible for core functionalities like consensus mechanisms, native token issuance, and fundamental security. All transactions and smart contract executions occur directly on these primary chains. Their design choices significantly influence the network’s decentralization, security, and scalability characteristics, serving as the bedrock for the entire digital asset ecosystem.
Context ∞ News reports frequently focus on the developments and challenges of Layer 1 protocols, particularly regarding their scalability solutions and upgrades, such as Ethereum’s transition to Proof of Stake. Debates often center on the “blockchain trilemma” balancing decentralization, security, and scalability. The performance and security of these foundational protocols are critical indicators for the overall health and future direction of the digital asset market.