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Liveness and Finality

Definition

Liveness in a blockchain system ensures that the network continues to process and confirm new transactions, even in the presence of faults or attacks. Finality, conversely, refers to the assurance that once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be reversed or altered. Together, these properties are fundamental to the reliability and trustworthiness of any distributed ledger. Achieving both simultaneously, particularly under adverse conditions, is a core challenge in protocol design.