Liveness and safety are two fundamental properties defining the correctness and reliability of distributed systems, including blockchain networks. Liveness ensures that the system eventually makes progress and processes transactions, meaning it does not halt indefinitely. Safety guarantees that nothing bad ever happens, specifically that all valid transactions are correctly recorded and irreversible, preventing conflicting states. Both are critical for dependable operation.
Context
Liveness and safety are central to the academic and practical discourse around blockchain consensus mechanisms and protocol design. News reports on network outages, hard forks, or security audits frequently reference these properties when assessing system robustness. Achieving an optimal balance between liveness and safety remains a core challenge in building resilient and performant decentralized systems.
Egalitarian BFT eliminates the predictable single leader, using a cryptographic lottery for simultaneous block proposal to achieve strong security against adaptive adversaries.
New authenticated Byzantine agreement protocol achieves optimal O(ft+t) communication complexity by adapting to the actual number of failures, significantly boosting SMR efficiency.
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