Liveness Guarantee

Definition ∞ A liveness guarantee ensures that a decentralized system or protocol continues to process transactions and make progress. This property signifies that despite potential network partitions or malicious actors, the system will eventually reach consensus and confirm legitimate operations. It contrasts with safety guarantees, which ensure that incorrect states never occur, by focusing on the system’s ability to remain operational and responsive. Protocols with strong liveness properties are crucial for reliable transaction finality and continuous service availability.
Context ∞ Discussions around liveness guarantees are central to the design and evaluation of new blockchain architectures and consensus mechanisms. News often reports on network outages or transaction backlogs, which represent temporary failures in liveness. A key area of development involves creating more robust fault-tolerant designs that maintain liveness even under severe adversarial conditions or network stress.

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→Liveness Guarantee

→Censorship Resistance

→Decentralized Sequencer

Set Byzantine Consensus Decouples Rollup Sequencing from Centralized Control

The research introduces Set Byzantine Consensus to construct a Decentralized Arranger, fundamentally solving rollup centralization by separating transaction content agreement from final ordering.

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→BFT Protocol

→Distributed Systems

→ACSQ Framework

Graded Broadcast Unlocks Optimal Latency for Asynchronous BFT Consensus

Falcon BFT introduces Graded Broadcast, bypassing the agreement stage to resolve high latency and instability in asynchronous consensus protocols.

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→Asymmetric Quorum Systems

→Heterogeneous Trust Model

→Common Core Primitive

Asymmetric Trust DAG Consensus Achieves Constant-Time Finality

The new common core primitive enables asynchronous DAG consensus to achieve constant-time finality under heterogeneous, asymmetric trust assumptions.

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→Randomized Agreement

→Network Resilience

→BFT Protocol

Practical Asynchronous BFT Protocol Achieves High Performance and Simplicity

Alea-BFT uses a two-stage pipeline with a designated leader to combine classical BFT efficiency with asynchronous network resilience, enabling practical adoption.

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→Consensus Protocol

→Byzantine Fault Tolerance

→Multi-Block Commit

Uncertified DAG Consensus Achieves Sub-Second Latency in Asynchronous Networks

A novel aBFT protocol bypasses costly explicit certification using an uncertified DAG, delivering sub-second finality essential for global-scale decentralized systems.

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→Censorship Resistance

→Network Saturation

→Byzantine Fault Tolerance

Secure Timestamp Primitive Rethinks Consensus Fairness in Asynchronous Networks

Researchers introduce a novel, corruption-resistant timestamp primitive, enabling consensus protocols to reliably record transaction submission time, which fundamentally mitigates censorship and MEV risk.

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→Sequencer Selection

→Stake Collateral

→Consensus Mechanism

Staked Randomness Secures Rollup Sequencers Preventing Censorship and Centralization

Staked Randomness Sequencer (SRS) uses VRF-weighted stake to select L2 sequencers, eliminating the single point of failure and unlocking true censorship resistance.

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→Liveness Guarantee

→Heterogeneous Trust

→Validity Property

Asymmetric Quorums Enable Provable Subjective Trust in DAG Consensus

A new model for asynchronous consensus replaces the universal trust assumption with subjective node-specific quorums, enabling formally verifiable safety in flexible, open networks.

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→Asynchronous BFT

→Liveness Guarantee

→Censorship Resistance

Homomorphic Sortition Secures Proof-of-Stake Leader Election Liveness

Homomorphic Sortition uses Threshold FHE to create the first asynchronous, non-expiring secret leader election, securing PoS liveness.

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→Liveness Guarantee

→Stake-Weighted Voting

→Validator Incentives

Asynchronous Finality Gadget Secures Proof-of-Stake Safety

The $Phi$-Gadget introduces a two-phase threshold signature mechanism to decouple block ordering from finality, guaranteeing safety under asynchronous network conditions.