An off-chain service refers to any computational process, data storage, or transaction execution that occurs outside the main blockchain network. These services often operate faster and at a lower cost than on-chain operations. They are frequently used to enhance scalability, provide data inputs to smart contracts, or handle private computations. Such systems complement blockchain functionality.
Context
The state of off-chain services is continuously evolving to address the scalability and privacy limitations of many public blockchains. Their situation involves innovations in layer-2 solutions, sidechains, and decentralized oracle networks. A critical future development is the seamless integration of these services with on-chain protocols, enabling more complex and efficient decentralized applications while preserving security.
New refinement framework shifts to a "specification is law" paradigm, enabling safe, formally verified contract upgrades while preserving essential properties.
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