Safety liveness refers to two fundamental attributes for distributed systems, particularly blockchains. Safety assures that adverse occurrences, such as double-spending or incorrect state transitions, are prevented. Liveness confirms that the system maintains operation and advances, meaning legitimate transactions ultimately undergo processing and completion.
Context
The balance between safety and liveness constitutes a fundamental element of blockchain consensus protocol design. Attaining both attributes concurrently amidst adversarial circumstances poses a complex engineering challenge. Reports frequently feature protocol advancements or identified vulnerabilities that influence a network’s capacity to uphold these assurances, directly affecting the dependability and operational capability of digital assets and their underlying systems.
This systematic review formally compares PoW and PoS security properties, revealing PoW's stronger guarantees and PoS's reliance on hybrid designs for comparable safety.
Arete introduces a novel sharding architecture that deconstructs State Machine Replication, enabling smaller, more secure shards for enhanced blockchain performance.
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