Definition ∞ Safety liveness refers to two fundamental attributes for distributed systems, particularly blockchains. Safety assures that adverse occurrences, such as double-spending or incorrect state transitions, are prevented. Liveness confirms that the system maintains operation and advances, meaning legitimate transactions ultimately undergo processing and completion.
Context ∞ The balance between safety and liveness constitutes a fundamental element of blockchain consensus protocol design. Attaining both attributes concurrently amidst adversarial circumstances poses a complex engineering challenge. Reports frequently feature protocol advancements or identified vulnerabilities that influence a network’s capacity to uphold these assurances, directly affecting the dependability and operational capability of digital assets and their underlying systems.
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