Angelfish Unifies Optimal Blockchain Throughput and Latency → Research

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Briefing

This research addresses the fundamental challenge within modern blockchain consensus protocols, where systems typically optimize for either low latency or high throughput, but rarely both simultaneously. The paper proposes Angelfish, a novel hybrid Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocol that dynamically adapts its operation to achieve optimal performance across varying network loads. This foundational breakthrough allows for state-of-the-art peak throughput while maintaining the low latency characteristic of leader-based designs, thereby offering a more robust and efficient architectural paradigm for future decentralized networks.

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Context

Prior to this research, the design of eventually-synchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus protocols presented a critical theoretical limitation → the inherent trade-off between transaction latency and network throughput. Established leader-based protocols excelled at minimizing latency under moderate loads by centralizing data dissemination and consensus, whereas DAG-based protocols achieved superior peak throughput through asynchronous data dissemination. This dichotomy forced system architects to prioritize one performance metric over the other, limiting the adaptability and overall efficiency of blockchain architectures in dynamic environments.

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Analysis

Angelfish introduces a core mechanism that fundamentally reconciles the latency-throughput trade-off in BFT consensus by operating as a hybrid protocol. It dynamically transitions between leader-based and DAG-based consensus paradigms, drawing inspiration from protocols like Sailfish. The protocol’s innovation lies in enabling a subset of participants to issue lightweight votes via best-effort broadcast, rather than requiring reliable broadcast of resource-intensive DAG vertices.

This approach significantly reduces communication overhead, facilitates faster synchronization for lagging nodes, and demonstrably lowers latency compared to purely DAG-based predecessors. The system’s adaptive nature ensures it performs optimally under diverse network conditions.

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Parameters

Core Concept → Hybrid Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus
New System/Protocol → Angelfish
Key Authors → Yu, Q. Losa, G. Shrestha, N. Wang, X.
Performance Metrics → Optimal Throughput, Optimal Latency
Underlying Mechanisms → Leader-based consensus, DAG-based consensus, Best-effort broadcast voting

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Outlook

The Angelfish protocol represents a significant step towards more resilient and performant blockchain infrastructure. Future research will likely explore the formal security proofs for its dynamic adaptation mechanism and its integration into existing or novel layer-1 architectures. In the next 3-5 years, this theory could unlock real-world applications requiring consistent high performance across fluctuating network demands, such as high-frequency decentralized finance (DeFi) or global supply chain management, by providing a foundational consensus layer that does not compromise on either speed or capacity. It opens new avenues for designing consensus protocols that are truly adaptive and resource-efficient.

Angelfish delivers a decisive theoretical advancement by unifying optimal throughput and latency, establishing a new benchmark for scalable and robust blockchain consensus.

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