Formalizing Optimistic Rollup Fraud Proofs for Enhanced Security ∞ Research

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Briefing

This paper addresses the critical security challenge within optimistic rollups ∞ guaranteeing the integrity of off-chain state transitions without full on-chain re-execution. It proposes a foundational breakthrough by formalizing the security model and mechanisms of fraud proofs, which serve as the ultimate arbiter of correctness for aggregated off-chain transactions. This new theoretical understanding ensures that optimistic rollups can reliably extend blockchain throughput while maintaining robust security, thereby enabling a new generation of highly scalable decentralized applications.

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Context

Before this research, optimistic rollups offered a promising solution to blockchain scalability by moving computation off-chain. However, their security inherently relied on the assumption that any invalid state transition would be identified and challenged by an honest participant. The prevailing theoretical limitation was the absence of a comprehensive, formally verified framework for these fraud proofs, leaving potential vulnerabilities in the dispute resolution process and questions regarding their efficiency and game-theoretic robustness under various attack scenarios.

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Analysis

The paper’s core mechanism centers on a refined interactive fraud proof system. When an optimistic rollup operator proposes an invalid state root, any honest validator can initiate a challenge. This process involves a bisection protocol where the challenger and proposer recursively narrow down the specific instruction that caused the invalid state transition.

The new primitive is a precisely defined challenge-response game that, at its conclusion, forces the main chain to re-execute only the minimal, disputed segment of computation, definitively proving fraud. This fundamentally differs from prior approaches by providing a more rigorous, step-by-step verification process that minimizes on-chain computation while maximizing the certainty of dispute resolution.

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Parameters

Core Concept ∞ Fraud Proofs
System/Protocol ∞ Optimistic Rollups
Challenge Mechanism ∞ Interactive Dispute Resolution
Security Model ∞ Honest Challenger Assumption
Key Authors ∞ McCorry, P. et al.

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Outlook

This research establishes a critical foundation for the next generation of scalable blockchain architectures. The formalization of fraud proofs will enable more secure and efficient optimistic rollup designs, potentially unlocking widespread adoption of Layer 2 solutions. Future research will likely focus on optimizing the interactive dispute resolution process, exploring non-interactive fraud proof constructions, and integrating these mechanisms into broader cross-chain interoperability protocols, paving the way for truly composable and high-throughput decentralized ecosystems.

This research provides the definitive theoretical bedrock for optimistic rollup security, fundamentally validating their role in scalable blockchain architecture.

Signal Acquired from ∞ arXiv.org