Permissionless Verifiable Information Dispersal for Bitcoin Rollup Data Availability ∞ Research

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Briefing

This paper presents a foundational breakthrough in blockchain scalability, introducing a permissionless Verifiable Information Dispersal (VID) system specifically engineered for Bitcoin rollups. The core innovation lies in leveraging homomorphic fingerprints to enable sublinear communication for data availability, a critical challenge in extending Layer 2 solutions to Bitcoin’s unauthenticated environment. This new protocol fundamentally enhances the security and efficiency of off-chain scaling for Bitcoin, ensuring data retrievability and integrity without compromising decentralization.

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Context

Before this research, existing Verifiable Information Dispersal (VID) systems and data availability solutions for rollups primarily operated under models assuming strong public-key identities, akin to Ethereum’s security paradigm. This limitation posed a significant challenge for Bitcoin rollups, which operate within a permissionless environment characterized by unauthenticated and dynamically participating nodes. Consequently, achieving scalable data availability with sublinear communication costs in the Bitcoin model remained an unsolved foundational problem, hindering the development of robust Layer 2 solutions.

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Analysis

The paper’s core mechanism centers on a novel permissionless Verifiable Information Dispersal system. This system fundamentally differs from previous approaches by operating securely within Bitcoin’s unauthenticated, dynamic participation model, requiring only a minimal assumption of reliable participants. The breakthrough lies in distributing data fragments alongside “homomorphic fingerprints.” These cryptographic fingerprints are meticulously designed to preserve the structural properties of the underlying erasure code.

This innovation allows any participant to independently verify the consistency and correctness of a data fragment against a committed block, all without needing to download or re-execute the entire dataset. This conceptual shift provides provable data availability with significantly reduced communication overhead, addressing the primary bottleneck for Bitcoin rollup scalability.

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Parameters

Core Concept ∞ Permissionless Verifiable Information Dispersal
New Primitive ∞ Homomorphic Fingerprints
Target Application ∞ Bitcoin Rollups Data Availability
Key Authors ∞ Ben Fisch, Arthur Lazzaretti, Zeyu Liu, Lei Yang
Publication Status ∞ To appear in IEEE Security and Privacy, 2025

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Outlook

This research opens new avenues for the practical implementation of scalable Layer 2 solutions on permissionless blockchains like Bitcoin. The introduction of homomorphic fingerprints as a primitive for verifiable information dispersal could unlock a new generation of data availability layers that are both efficient and secure, fostering greater decentralization and censorship resistance. In the next 3-5 years, this theory could enable more sophisticated Bitcoin rollups, potentially expanding Bitcoin’s utility beyond a store of value to support a wider array of decentralized applications, while also inspiring similar solutions for other unauthenticated distributed systems.

This research decisively advances the foundational principles of blockchain scalability by extending verifiable information dispersal to permissionless environments, critical for Bitcoin’s Layer 2 evolution.

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